<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-us">
  <head>

    <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
    
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>索引文档 | Elasticsearch: 权威指南 | Elastic</title>
<link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Elasticsearch: 权威指南">
<link rel="up" href="data-in-data-out.html" title="数据输入和输出">
<link rel="prev" href="_Document_Metadata.html" title="文档元数据">
<link rel="next" href="get-doc.html" title="取回一个文档">
<meta name="DC.type" content="Learn/Docs/Elasticsearch/Definitive Guide">
<meta name="DC.subject" content="Elasticsearch">
<meta name="DC.identifier" content="2.x">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <script src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/18132920325.js"></script>
    <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/apple-icon-57x57.png">
    <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/apple-icon-60x60.png">
    <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/apple-icon-72x72.png">
    <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/apple-icon-76x76.png">
    <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/apple-icon-114x114.png">
    <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/apple-icon-120x120.png">
    <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/apple-icon-144x144.png">
    <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/apple-icon-152x152.png">
    <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-icon-180x180.png">
    <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32">
    <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192">
    <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96">
    <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16">
    <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json">
    <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Elastic">
    <meta name="application-name" content="Elastic">
    <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff">
    <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/mstile-144x144.png">
    <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff">
    <meta name="naver-site-verification" content="936882c1853b701b3cef3721758d80535413dbfd">
    <meta name="yandex-verification" content="d8a47e95d0972434">
    <meta name="localized" content="true">
    <meta name="st:robots" content="follow,index">
    <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.elastic.co/static/images/elastic-logo-200.png">
    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
    <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
    <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="64x64" href="/favicon_64x64_16bit.png">
    <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon_32x32.png">
    <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="16x16" href="/favicon_16x16.png">
    <!-- Give IE8 a fighting chance -->
    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
    <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/html5shiv/3.7.2/html5shiv.min.js"></script>
    <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/respond/1.4.2/respond.min.js"></script>
    <![endif]-->
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/guide/static/styles.css">
  </head>

  <!--© 2015-2021 Elasticsearch B.V. Copying, publishing and/or distributing without written permission is strictly prohibited.-->

  <body>
    <!-- Google Tag Manager -->
    <script>dataLayer = [];</script><noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-58RLH5" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
    <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-58RLH5');</script>
    <!-- End Google Tag Manager -->

    <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics -->
    <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-12395217-16"></script>
    <script>
      window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
      function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
      gtag('js', new Date());
      gtag('config', 'UA-12395217-16');
    </script>

    <!--BEGIN QUALTRICS WEBSITE FEEDBACK SNIPPET-->
    <script type="text/javascript">
      (function(){var g=function(e,h,f,g){
      this.get=function(a){for(var a=a+"=",c=document.cookie.split(";"),b=0,e=c.length;b<e;b++){for(var d=c[b];" "==d.charAt(0);)d=d.substring(1,d.length);if(0==d.indexOf(a))return d.substring(a.length,d.length)}return null};
      this.set=function(a,c){var b="",b=new Date;b.setTime(b.getTime()+6048E5);b="; expires="+b.toGMTString();document.cookie=a+"="+c+b+"; path=/; "};
      this.check=function(){var a=this.get(f);if(a)a=a.split(":");else if(100!=e)"v"==h&&(e=Math.random()>=e/100?0:100),a=[h,e,0],this.set(f,a.join(":"));else return!0;var c=a[1];if(100==c)return!0;switch(a[0]){case "v":return!1;case "r":return c=a[2]%Math.floor(100/c),a[2]++,this.set(f,a.join(":")),!c}return!0};
      this.go=function(){if(this.check()){var a=document.createElement("script");a.type="text/javascript";a.src=g;document.body&&document.body.appendChild(a)}};
      this.start=function(){var a=this;window.addEventListener?window.addEventListener("load",function(){a.go()},!1):window.attachEvent&&window.attachEvent("onload",function(){a.go()})}};
      try{(new g(100,"r","QSI_S_ZN_emkP0oSe9Qrn7kF","https://znemkp0ose9qrn7kf-elastic.siteintercept.qualtrics.com/WRSiteInterceptEngine/?Q_ZID=ZN_emkP0oSe9Qrn7kF")).start()}catch(i){}})();
    </script><div id="ZN_emkP0oSe9Qrn7kF"><!--DO NOT REMOVE-CONTENTS PLACED HERE--></div>
    <!--END WEBSITE FEEDBACK SNIPPET-->

    <div id="elastic-nav" style="display:none;"></div>
    <script src="https://www.elastic.co/elastic-nav.js"></script>

    <!-- Subnav -->
    <div>
      <div>
        <div class="tertiary-nav d-none d-md-block">
          <div class="container">
            <div class="p-t-b-15 d-flex justify-content-between nav-container">
              <div class="breadcrum-wrapper"><span><a href="/guide/" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600; color: #000;">Docs</a></span></div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    <div class="main-container">
      <section id="content">
        <div class="content-wrapper">

          <section id="guide" lang="zh_cn">
            <div class="container">
              <div class="row">
                <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-md-8 guide-section">
                  <!-- start body -->
                  <div class="page_header">
<b>请注意:</b><br>本书基于 Elasticsearch 2.x 版本，有些内容可能已经过时。
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="breadcrumbs">
<span class="breadcrumb-link"><a href="index.html">Elasticsearch: 权威指南</a></span>
»
<span class="breadcrumb-link"><a href="getting-started.html">基础入门</a></span>
»
<span class="breadcrumb-link"><a href="data-in-data-out.html">数据输入和输出</a></span>
»
<span class="breadcrumb-node">索引文档</span>
</div>
<div class="navheader">
<span class="prev">
<a href="_Document_Metadata.html">« 文档元数据</a>
</span>
<span class="next">
<a href="get-doc.html">取回一个文档 »</a>
</span>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h2 class="title">
<a id="index-doc"></a>索引文档<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/030_Data/10_Index.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h2>
</div></div></div>
<p>通过使用 <code class="literal">index</code> API ，文档可以被 <em>索引</em> —— 存储和使文档可被搜索。
但是首先，我们要确定文档的位置。正如我们刚刚讨论的，一个文档的 <code class="literal">_index</code> 、 <code class="literal">_type</code> 和 <code class="literal">_id</code> 唯一标识一个文档。
我们可以提供自定义的 <code class="literal">_id</code> 值，或者让 <code class="literal">index</code> API 自动生成。</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="_Using_Our_Own_ID"></a>使用自定义的 ID<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/030_Data/10_Index.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h3>
</div></div></div>
<p>如果你的文档有一个自然的标识符
（例如，一个 <code class="literal">user_account</code> 字段或其他标识文档的值），你应该使用如下方式的 <code class="literal">index</code> API 并提供你自己 <code class="literal">_id</code> ：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-js pagebreak-before">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-js pagebreak-before">PUT /{index}/{type}/{id}
{
  "field": "value",
  ...
}</pre>
</div>
<p>举个例子，如果我们的索引称为 <code class="literal">website</code> ，类型称为 <code class="literal">blog</code> ，并且选择 <code class="literal">123</code> 作为 ID ，那么索引请求应该是下面这样：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">PUT /website/blog/123
{
  "title": "My first blog entry",
  "text":  "Just trying this out...",
  "date":  "2014/01/01"
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/030_Data/10_Create_doc_123.json"></div>
<p>Elasticsearch 响应体如下所示：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-js">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-js">{
   "_index":    "website",
   "_type":     "blog",
   "_id":       "123",
   "_version":  1,
   "created":   true
}</pre>
</div>
<p>该响应表明文档已经成功创建，该索引包括 <code class="literal">_index</code> 、 <code class="literal">_type</code> 和 <code class="literal">_id</code> 元数据，
以及一个新元素： <code class="literal">_version</code> 。</p>
<p>在 Elasticsearch 中每个文档都有一个版本号。当每次对文档进行修改时（包括删除）， <code class="literal">_version</code> 的值会递增。
在 <a class="xref" href="version-control.html" title="处理冲突">处理冲突</a> 中，我们讨论了怎样使用 <code class="literal">_version</code> 号码确保你的应用程序中的一部分修改不会覆盖另一部分所做的修改。</p>
</div>

<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div>
<h3 class="title">
<a id="_autogenerating_ids"></a>Autogenerating IDs<a class="edit_me edit_me_private" rel="nofollow" title="Editing on GitHub is available to Elastic" href="https://github.com/elasticsearch-cn/elasticsearch-definitive-guide/edit/cn/030_Data/10_Index.asciidoc">edit</a>
</h3>
</div></div></div>
<p>如果你的数据没有自然的 ID， Elasticsearch 可以帮我们自动生成 ID 。
请求的结构调整为：
不再使用 <code class="literal">PUT</code> 谓词(“使用这个 URL 存储这个文档”)，
而是使用 <code class="literal">POST</code> 谓词(“存储文档在这个 URL 命名空间下”)。</p>
<p>现在该 URL 只需包含 <code class="literal">_index</code> 和 <code class="literal">_type</code> :</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-sense">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-sense">POST /website/blog/
{
  "title": "My second blog entry",
  "text":  "Still trying this out...",
  "date":  "2014/01/01"
}</pre>
</div>
<div class="sense_widget" data-snippet="snippets/030_Data/10_Create_doc_auto_ID.json"></div>
<p>除了 <code class="literal">_id</code> 是 Elasticsearch 自动生成的，响应的其他部分和前面的类似：</p>
<div class="pre_wrapper lang-js">
<pre class="programlisting prettyprint lang-js">{
   "_index":    "website",
   "_type":     "blog",
   "_id":       "AVFgSgVHUP18jI2wRx0w",
   "_version":  1,
   "created":   true
}</pre>
</div>
<p>自动生成的 ID 是 URL-safe、 基于 Base64 编码且长度为20个字符的 GUID 字符串。
这些 GUID 字符串由可修改的 FlakeID 模式生成，这种模式允许多个节点并行生成唯一 ID ，且互相之间的冲突概率几乎为零。</p>
</div>

</div>
<div class="navfooter">
<span class="prev">
<a href="_Document_Metadata.html">« 文档元数据</a>
</span>
<span class="next">
<a href="get-doc.html">取回一个文档 »</a>
</span>
</div>
</div>

                  <!-- end body -->
                </div>
                <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-4" id="right_col">
                  <div id="rtpcontainer" style="display: block;">
                    <div class="mktg-promo">
                      <h3>Most Popular</h3>
                      <ul class="icons">
                        <li class="icon-elasticsearch-white"><a href="https://www.elastic.co/webinars/getting-started-elasticsearch?baymax=default&amp;elektra=docs&amp;storm=top-video">Get Started with Elasticsearch: Video</a></li>
                        <li class="icon-kibana-white"><a href="https://www.elastic.co/webinars/getting-started-kibana?baymax=default&amp;elektra=docs&amp;storm=top-video">Intro to Kibana: Video</a></li>
                        <li class="icon-logstash-white"><a href="https://www.elastic.co/webinars/introduction-elk-stack?baymax=default&amp;elektra=docs&amp;storm=top-video">ELK for Logs &amp; Metrics: Video</a></li>
                      </ul>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
          </section>

        </div>


<div id="elastic-footer"></div>
<script src="https://www.elastic.co/elastic-footer.js"></script>
<!-- Footer Section end-->

      </section>
    </div>

<script src="/guide/static/jquery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/guide/static/docs.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
  window.initial_state = {}</script>
  </body>
</html>
